Marine Artisanal Fisheries and Blue Economy Development in Mainland Tanzania: An Empirical Analysis of Catch, Revenue, and Employment (2011–2019)

The government of Tanzania is currently developing a Blue Economy (BE) policy for mainland Tanzania. However, it remains unclear how marine artisanal fisheries can contribute to, and support the implementation of, this emerging economic initiative. Drawing on in-depth key informant interviews, a review of relevant documents, and an analysis of nine years (2011—2019) fisheries data, this study examines the potential contribution of fish catch, revenue, and employment to the BE. The findings showed a significant (20. 5%) increase in the number of fishing vessels between 2011 and 2019, together with a notable 52% rise in fish catches between 2018 and 2019. This sharp increase was attributed to a collaborative marine operation aimed at combating Illegal, Unregulated and Unreported (IUU) fishing, which led to government revenue collection amounting to TZS 2, 124, 320, 790 (approximately US 927, 651) 1. This represents the significant potential of artisanal fisheries to contribute to the BE in various ways. For instance, between 2011 and 2015, the number of artisanal fishers remained relatively constant at approximately 36, 321. By 2016, however, this figure had increased to 54, 511, representing a growth rate of about 33. 4%. This expansion highlights the sector's growing importance in livelihoods, food security, and economic development. Despite this progress, several critical setbacks threaten the effective implementation and sustainability of the BE if left unaddressed. These challenges include illegal fishing by foreign vessels within the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), particularly practices such as “shark-finning”, fish processing plants operating below capacity, and the limited use of modern fishing gear. Together, these factors reduce fish productivity, undermine resource sustainability, and constrain the sector's overall contribution to the BE. As Mainland Tanzania advances its BE agenda, the need for inclusive policy and regulatory frameworks cannot be overstated. These frameworks should ensure meaningful participation of artisanal fishers, who serve as key ocean stewards, while promoting the adoption of modern innovations and technologies, including artificial intelligence (AI) and digital monitoring tools. Strengthened co-management systems, enhanced collaboration among stakeholders, and empowered Beach Management Units (BMUs) will be essential to safeguarding marine resources and ensuring the long-term sustainability of the Blue Economy