Distinct Extracellular Matrix Protein Signatures of Cortical and Cancellous Bone Allografts Following Processing for Clinical Use

Demineralized bone matrices (DBMs) are widely used in bone replacement therapy. Bone tissue of either cancellous or cortical origin is decellularized, demineralized, and sterilized during processing, while retaining portions of native organic extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins that regulate cell–matrix interactions during bone repair. The ECM largely accounts for the distinct functions of cortical and cancellous bone. Differences in three-dimensional architecture and matrix density between cancellous and cortical bone may therefore affect ECM proteome signatures and the resulting cellular microenvironment. In this study, ECM proteins were extracted from processed cancellous and cortical allografts at multiple processing steps and analyzed by quantitative mass spectrometry. We identified distinct extractable proteome signatures associated with bone metabolic functions. Cancellous grafts were relatively enriched in proteins associated with inflammatory, coagulative, and immune-related processes, whereas cortical grafts showed higher abundance of structural and matrix-organization-associated proteins. More extensively processed product formats showed fewer significant protein differences between the cortical and cancellous bone type. Within the limitations of pooled donor material and absent functional validation, these findings provide a proteomic framework for future characterization and evaluation of DBM-based allograft products.