Anti-Oral Ulcer Potential of Jasminum grandiflorum Leaf Extract: A Combined Network Pharmacology, In Silico, and In Vivo Approaches

• Hydroalcoholic extract of Jasminum grandiflorum (JG) leaves demonstrated preclinical anti-oral ulcer activity in acetic acid-induced oral ulcer model in rats. • Topical application of JG extract (∼25 mg) showed marked ulcer recovery comparable to the standard Smyle gel treatment. • Network pharmacology and molecular docking analyses postulate ursolic acid, oleacein, and oleoside dimethyl ester as potential contributors to the observed activity of JG • The computational analyses further postulate ALOX5, PPARγ, and PTP1B as potential targets. Oral ulcer is a mucosal disorder characterized by persistent events and intense pain. It occurs in accordance with various systemic conditions and through multiple pathogenic mechanisms, although in many cases, no major underlying mechanism is recognized. In the current research, the hydroalcoholic extract of Jasminum grandiflorum (JG) leaves was examined for anti–oral ulcer potential in a 50% acetic acid–induced ulcer model in rats, with an integrated network pharmacology and in silico molecular docking approach. The outcomes revealed that JG extract (∼25 mg) and the standard drug (Smyle gel®) produced noteworthy recovery after topical application, whereas oral administration of JG extract (200 mg/kg) resulted in a moderate response as compared to the control group. Using a network pharmacology approach, putative targets that may be associated with the pathophysiology of oral ulcers were predicted, which include peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase (ALOX5), and protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B). Molecular docking analysis was further employed to predict potential interactions between selected phytoconstituents (ursolic acid, oleacein, and oleoside dimethyl ester) and these putative targets. These in silico findings are hypothesis-generating and therefore provide only preliminary support for the in vivo observations, rather than confirming specific mechanisms or therapeutic targets. Therefore, further experimentation is required to validate these outcomes.